1. **Fecal-Oral Route**: The most common method of transmission is through the feces of an infected dog. The virus is shed in high quantities in the feces, and other dogs can become infected by ingesting contaminated feces, licking contaminated surfaces, or even sniffing infected areas.
2. **Contaminated Objects**: Parvovirus can survive in the environment for long periods, making it easy for dogs to contract it from contaminated objects such as food bowls, leashes, or toys. If a healthy dog comes into contact with these objects, they can become infected.
3. **Human Transmission**: Humans can also inadvertently spread parvovirus. If a person handles an infected dog or comes into contact with contaminated surfaces and then interacts with another dog, they can transfer the virus.
4. **Dog Parks and Boarding Facilities**: Areas where many dogs congregate, such as dog parks, grooming salons, and boarding facilities, pose a higher risk for parvovirus transmission. Unvaccinated or partially vaccinated dogs are particularly at risk in these environments.
5. **Mother to Puppies**: In some cases, puppies can contract parvovirus from their mother, especially if she is infected during pregnancy or shortly after giving birth. This can happen through the placenta or through the mother's milk.
To protect your dog from parvovirus, ensure they are vaccinated according to your veterinarian's recommendations, avoid exposing them to potentially contaminated environments, and maintain good hygiene practices with their belongings.
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